Monthly Archives: August 2010

What is the mentor role?

I recently read Fred Wilson’s post on The CEO Mentor and Coach. As usual his post and the high number of comments are interesting. I would just like to add one of the best descriptions of a mentor I have read. It is what Robert Noyce represented for Steve Jobs. You can find the full account in the book The Man Behind the Microchip by Leslie Berlin or in a shorter account she gave for the Computer History Museum (pdf file – 6MB).

So here is a short account of Noyce’s mentoring!

“Bob Noyce took me under his wing. I was young, in my twenties. He was in his early fifties. He tried to give me the lay of the land, give me a perspective that I could only partially understand. You can’t really understand what is going on now unless you understand what came before”

“When Noyce left daily management at Intel in 1975, he turned his attention to the next generation of high-tech entrepreneurs. This is how he met Jobs.” Noyce was not attracted initially by the hippie style, “but over time, Noyce’s feelings about Apple began to change. This was due, in no small measure, to Steve Jobs, who deliberately sought out Noyce as a mentor. (Jobs also asked Jerry Sanders and Andy Grove if he could take them to lunch every quarter and “pick your brain”). “Steve would regularly appear at our house on his motorcycle” Bowers [Noyce’s wife] recalls “Soon he and Bob were disappearing into the basement, talking about projects.”

Noyce answered Jobs’ phone calls – which invariably began with “I’ve been thinking about what you said” or “I have an idea” – even when they came at midnight. At some point he confided to Bowers, “If he calls late again, I’m going to kill him,” but still he answered the phone.

Jobs agrees that his relationship was almost more filial than professional. “The things I remember about Bob are the personal things. I remember him teaching me how to ski better. And he was very interested in – fascinated by – the personal computer, and we talked a lot about that.

Intuitive Surgical

Here is a start-up that I heard about through various channels. As I am not an expert of medical technologies, it is not too surprising that this 15-year old, $10B company was unknown to me. You can learn more about Intuitive Surgical from their website or from answer.com. 15-year old? You may tell me it is not a start-up anymore, but it surely was! as I often do when I discover such companies, I studied its growth and its capital structure at IPO. Here they are:

What is interesting is that despite its impressive growth, Intuitive’s IPO was not a huge success. It raised little money at a price per share which is not the typical $14 that I often see with Nasdaq IPOs. It was only $9 per share. When I published this blog it was at $275!! (see the chart at the bottom of the post)

Final comment, Intuitive was based on technologies from research centers, which licensed these against equity. You may be interested in what MIT and SRI International got for their IP.

A start-up is a baby

I’ve been using this analogy a lot in my talks or courses. Fred Wilson has been using it to in his latest post, The Expanding Birthrate Of Web Startups.

In my talks, the slide is the following (you can check slide 61 in the pdf I posted in Start-Up, the book: a visual summary):

In full text, it is again
– Do parents know about educating a baby? so why do we say to founders to gain experience first?
– Do parents control everything it does, forever? so why founders are so paranoid about losing control?
– Would they give/abandon responsibility to teachers, doctors, “professionals”? so should not founders just hire the best people to increase chance of success?
A start-up is a baby which needs to grow and its founders should help it succeed (and yes your start-up baby is the most beautiful on earth… )

Finally, I usually add, maybe because I am a bit traditional, that I strongly believe single-parent families/companies are tougher for the kid so find a partner, never found a start-up alone.

What’s interesting with Wilson, is that he helps me enrich the analogy with parenting, so he sees the investor, not the founder as a parent. For me, the investor is a mentor, a godfather… so here are a few comments related to the analogy in his post:

– “I am committing to the care and feeding of the company until cash flow breakeven (the startup equivalent of adulthood)” (Wilson himself)
– “I worry like a parent with too many kids. Who is going to take care of all of these kids?” (Wilson again)
– “Parenting is a good way to put it. Unsure about the “pulling the plug” comparison though, doesn’t go very well with parenting!” (Loic Lemeur)
– “The super-angels and the angels, don’t try to play “parent”. They play friend. It’s a mutual benefit relationship, but the ultimate control is to the entrepreneur. Usually the friends and family who are excited about your seed round (when you leave their company), are not thinking about follow-on.” (Prasanna Sankaranarayanan)
-“do you think the “orphaned startups” will suffer because their “parent investors” remove themselves” (Adam Wexler)
-“an environment not unlike pre- or emerging-industrial third world nations. High infant mortality, the necessity of conserving scarce resources for those infants with provable indications that they CAN survive the initial impediments. It doesn’t mean that the parents love or value the survivors more, but rather that as a practical matter there are few options. […] if a ‘gifted child’ is to be sustained through the vagaries of infancy, then it’s important for both the company and the investor(s) to consider this up front. […] When, at the outset, it becomes clear that substantial investment in capital equipment, research and development, or extended operation at a loss is required if a ‘gifted child’ is to be sustained through the vagaries of infancy, then it’s important for both the company and the investor(s) to consider this up front. ” (Rich Miller)
– “We make fun of parents today who enroll their kids in the right kindegarden so they can get into Princeton, Yale, Harvard, but perhaps they aren’t so wrong if we applied that logic to startups….what do you need to do as an early stage company to ‘get into the right school’ when you come of age?” (Dave Hendricks)
– “But that’s not good parenting… if you want your child/portfolio company to succeed long term, you’ve got to consider where the road will take you, because the easy road/early exit isn’t a lock and is usually a lot harder than you think” (Reece Pacheco)
– “History: birthrate without control produces malnourished kids.” (Agilandam)
– “Short answer: A lower % of these “kids” will make it to their 3rd birthday.” (Andy Swan)
– “I thought you were going to make a separate point, that there aren’t enough acquirers — Google is active, Microsoft, Yahoo and others much less so — to adopt all the kids who don’t go public.” (Glen Kelman)
– “If programs like Y Combinator are getting our smartest kids to start companies instead of going to law school, McKinsey etc then that’s going to lead to good things for our industry and our economy.” (Chris Dixon)
– “Also… you say that entrepreneurs should find a one or 2 VCs and have a long term relationship with them. Isn’t this true for VCs too? Doesn’t it make sense to have the same investors lead the company from birth to adulthood and not one VC for the “toddler” period, one of the “child”, one of for the teen? If we take that analogy a little bit further, we know that foster kids who are taken from foster family to foster family usually don’t end up as “well” as the ones who get the same frame all along?” (Julien)

So the analogy has some value. You can react…

iPad vs. Kindle

As I just mentioned in my previous post, I converted the English version of the book Start-Up to the Amazon Kindle and Apple iPad/iPhone formats. I will describe here what I faced as challenges and output.

The Amazon Kindle first.

It was relatively easy to do the job. I just add to save my Word version of the book into an HTML file. Well, almost. First, the table of content did not have direct hyperlinks, which I had to build. And at the end, it was not really a meta-table of contents so that you can click on the links (on the iPad version of the Kindle) but there is no real table of content. Second, the tables of data were just awful, so I had to convert them to JPG pictures. Then I just had to become a member of the Amazon DTP platform, fill in my details and upload the file. Their validation was fast and the Kindle version is available since late July. As I wrote in my previous post, the main weakness I saw is that on the iPad version of the Kindle, I could not enlarge the pictures (whereas I can do it with an iBook). Other weaknesses: the table of content is not good; and the chapter titles are small. Finally, I still do not know why they sell it for $11.99 when I asked for $9.99.

Now the Apple ibookstore. This was much more challenging!

Preparing an ebook is not as simple as I thought. In my simplistic views of electronic books, I thought that PDF would be an ideal format. I was naïve! If you want to read ebooks on a laptop, Adobe Digital Editions (http://www.adobe.com/products/digitaleditions) as well as Calibre (see below) provide a good reader for your laptop.

Now Apple was tougher. First I had no clue if I should become a developer or a content provider (http://www.apple.com/itunes/content-providers). Fortunately enough, being a content provider is good enough and free! Once you are registered as content provider you just have to let Apple validate your file. Well one minute! To become a content provider, I had to download iTunes Producer which works on Apple computers only!

Then you have to do much more work than with Amazon! First they want a EPUB format. You need to create such a file from the same HTML file required from Amazon (you can use Calibre, www.calibre-ebook.com) and you need to validate it with epubcheck (code.google.com/p/epubcheck). I had many bugs and had to use an epub editor. Sigil was good (code.google.com/p/sigil). But I still had to do some hand work and I would quantify it as a few days of work of editing whereas Amazon only asked me about a day.

Finally, Apple annouces it takes them up to 10 business days to do the quality control and it is about what it took. I do not have a Kindle so I cannot judge the result. There were a few buyers but I did not get any feedback yet. I have an iPad with the Kindle reader so I could check the results as I said previously. The experience was better with iBooks but better than I feared on the Kindle platform provided for the iPad.

Finally, the iBook seems to be available through the USA, Canada, UK, Germany and France only and apparently the countries which have agreements with those. Switzerland is not part of the group so I would not be able to buy it from home… too bad for Swiss residents!

Start-Up on iPad-iPhone and Kindle

It’s done! I just made the book Start-Up available on both platforms, the Apple iBookstore for iPad and iPhone and the Amazon Kindle. I also checked bother versions so let me share with you a few things from the experience.

The process with Apple was the most painful (more in my next post). Is it because they have a higher quality control? I am not sure. The main difference is that you can click on the pictures with Apple whereas on the Kindle, I could not find a way to enlarge them. It is a weakness in my case given the amount of data in the tables. I also noticed I did not master well the tables of content for the Kindle…

There is also a small mystery, a mistake I may have made: both versions should sell at $9.99 but Amazon sells it at $11.99 and I have no clue of the reason why!

More about the experience of publishing an eBook in my next post!

Super Angels

I just come back from vacation and all of a sudden I discover that the world has changed! Before my break you had the business angels investing in the early rounds (up to $1M) and the VCs who would seldom invest in rounds smaller than $1-2M. Now the frontier is blurred: you have the seed VCs (Index seed being a recent one) and the Super Angels fighting for the same deals.

If you want to know more, you will find plenty of posts and news such as:

VCs And Super Angels: The War For The Entrepreneur from Techcrunch.

Why Micro-VCs Are So Damn Friendly from Xconomy.

‘Super Angels’ Alight from the WSJ.

Micro VCs Are all BFFs… Forever? by David Beisel.

All this is not so new as Business Week mentioned the phenomenon in May 2009: ‘Super Angels’ Shake Up Venture Capital.

And I should not forget Fred Destin’s blog where i first read about all this: Super Angels, Lean VCs, Proto-Incubators, whatever. Focus on social contract. He also published an article about European SuperAngels.

So what is new here? Well I am not sure, I may just be so much remote that I have missed a big trend. Or is it just that the VC and high-tech world is such in a crisis that it is looking for new models. They were always big angels. Arthur Rock for Intel and Apple, Andy Bechtolsheim for Google or Magma, and Sequoia did the seed round for Yahoo, so what?

Well the VCs have really big funds up to a billion so investing in small rounds is tough but they have understood and move back to seed. Entrepreneurs think angels are nicer, but check again my posts on the Tesla story and Elon Musk.

Finally there is a strong argument that Internet and software companies may not need as much capital as start-ups in the past and another argument that entrepreneurs just look to sell their company to Google for $25M which is not so bad, so they might not need VCs anymore. But then, Silicon Valley faces the risk of not creating new Apples or Googles… So it is probably just “back to the future”…

Skype IPO filing

What’s interesting about Skype new filing in addition to all the comments you may find is their current cap. table and investor structure. I hope we will know more about all this when the company files additional material. For the moment, here are the numbers I could built from their S-1 document dated August 9. It is obvisouly very different from what I published at the time of acquisition by eBay. See my post of April 2008.

First the investors:

Second the full cap.table if Skype was going public at the price paid by the investors to buy Skype from eBay:

I will publish more when/if the company goes public…

During The Bubble, 77% Entrepreneurs Failed. Now, It’s Around 40%

My colleague and entrepreneur David Portabella just mentioned to me Conway’s views on his investments. Conway is a famous business angel who invested in AskJeeves, Google and Paypal.

In a nutshell:

– In the 1997-2001 period, 77% of his investments failed. Since 2002, it’s down to 40%.
– Entrepreneurs have a 66 percent chance of being successful on a startup if it’s their second one.
– There is a misconception that “every 10 years we get a Google.” “That’s not true,” he claims it is at a much faster rate.

If I agree that failure is common and success is not so rare, I am less sure about serial entrepreneurs being better. I have hard data from Stanford entrepreneurs and serial entrepreneurs are not any better. I will share these data in the future…